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Used forMossi kingdomsLiberiaEthiopia under occupation

Fage, J. D. & Oliver, Roland (eds.) (1975–1986). The Cambridge History of Africa, 8 vols. Cambridge University Press.

Used forHausa city-statesKanem–Bornu

Iliffe, John (2017). Africans: The History of a Continent, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press.

Used forMossi kingdomsGreat Lakes kingdoms

Ehret, Christopher (2016). The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800, 2nd ed. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.

Used forBantu expansionNok

Fauvelle, François-Xavier (2018). The Golden Rhinoceros: Histories of the African Middle Ages. Princeton University Press.

Used forMapungubweGhana (Wagadu)Kanem–BornuSwahili city-statesZagwe dynastyGreat ZimbabweMali Empire

Gomez, Michael A. (2018). African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton University Press.

Used forGhana (Wagadu)Mali EmpireSonghai EmpireKanem–Bornu

Green, Toby (2019). A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution. London: Allen Lane.

Used forThe transatlantic slave tradeJolof EmpireKaabuOyo EmpireDahomeyKingdom of Kongo

Reid, Richard J. (2020). A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present, 3rd ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.

Used forLiberiaEthiopia under occupationSouth SudanSouth Africa

Cooper, Frederick (2019). Africa since 1940: The Past of the Present, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.

Used forGhana1960, the Year of AfricaWars against Portuguese ruleAlgeriaSouth Africa

Encyclopaedia Britannica (online). Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Used forSouth SudanLiberiaMaji Maji

Vansina, Jan (1985). Oral Tradition as History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

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Hublin, Jean-Jacques et al. (2017). New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens. Nature 546, 289–292.

Used forJebel IrhoudShared ancestors

Richter, Daniel et al. (2017). The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age. Nature 546, 293–296.

Used forJebel Irhoud

Vidal, Céline M. et al. (2022). Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa. Nature 601, 579–583.

Used forOmo KibishShared ancestors

Henshilwood, Christopher S. et al. (2011). A 100,000-year-old ochre-processing workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Science 334, 219–222.

Used forBlombos Cave

Henshilwood, Christopher S. et al. (2018). An abstract drawing from the 73,000-year-old levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Nature 562, 115–118.

Used forBlombos Cave

d’Errico, Francesco et al. (2012). Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. PNAS 109 (33), 13214–13219.

Used forLebombo bone

de Heinzelin, Jean (1962). Ishango. Scientific American 206 (6), 105–116.

Used forIshango bone

deMenocal, Peter et al. (2000). Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid Period: rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 347–361.

Used forTassili n’Ajjer

Tierney, Jessica E., Pausata, Francesco S. R. & deMenocal, Peter B. (2017). Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara. Science Advances 3 (1), e1601503.

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Nielsen, Rasmus et al. (2017). Tracing the peopling of the world through genomics. Nature 541, 302–310.

Used forShared ancestors

UNESCO World Heritage Centre (online). World Heritage List. Paris: UNESCO.

Used forTassili n’AjjerZagwe dynastyGreat ZimbabweTimbuktuMapungubweAksumCarthageIdrisids and FezTwo places of learning

Brooks, Alison S. & Smith, Catherine C. (1987). Ishango revisited: new age determinations and cultural interpretations. The African Archaeological Review 5, 65–78.

Used forIshango bone

Hublin, Jean-Jacques et al. (2020). Initial Upper Palaeolithic Homo sapiens from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria. Nature 581, 299–302.

Used forShared ancestors

Bergström, Anders et al. (2021). Origins of modern human ancestry. Nature 590, 229–237.

Used forShared ancestorsJebel IrhoudOmo Kibish

Shaw, Ian (ed.) (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press.

Used forAncient EgyptKush: Napata and Meroë

Welsby, Derek A. (1996). The Kingdom of Kush: The Napatan and Meroitic Empires. London: British Museum Press.

Used forKush: Napata and MeroëKerma

Bonnet, Charles & Valbelle, Dominique (2006). The Nubian Pharaohs: Black Kings on the Nile. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.

Used forKermaKush: Napata and MeroëSwiss archaeology at Kerma

Miles, Richard (2010). Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization. London: Allen Lane.

Used forCarthageNumidia

Breunig, Peter & Rupp, Nicole (2016). An outline of recent studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture. Journal of African Archaeology 14 (3), 237–255.

Used forNok

Grollemund, Rebecca et al. (2015). Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals. PNAS 112 (43), 13296–13301.

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Koile, Ezequiel et al. (2022). Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route. PNAS 119 (32), e2112853119.

Used forBantu expansion

Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press.

Used forAksum

Phillipson, David W. (2009). Ancient Churches of Ethiopia: Fourth–Fourteenth Centuries. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Used forAksumZagwe dynasty

Edwards, David N. (2004). The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan. London: Routledge.

Used forKermaKush: Napata and MeroëChristian Nubia

Emberling, Geoff & Williams, Bruce Beyer (eds.) (2021). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Oxford University Press.

Used forKermaKush: Napata and MeroëChristian NubiaSwiss archaeology at Kerma

Lancel, Serge (1995). Carthage: A History. Oxford: Blackwell.

Used forCarthage

Phillipson, David W. (2012). Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum and the Northern Horn, 1000 BC–AD 1300. Woodbridge: James Currey.

Used forAksum

Welsby, Derek A. (2002). The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia: Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. London: British Museum Press.

Used forChristian NubiaFunj Sultanate of Sennar

Levtzion, Nehemia (1973). Ancient Ghana and Mali. London: Methuen.

Used forGhana (Wagadu)Mali Empire

Levtzion, Nehemia & Hopkins, J. F. P. (eds.) (1981). Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge University Press.

Used forGhana (Wagadu)Kanem–BornuMali Empire

Brett, Michael (2017). The Fatimid Empire. Edinburgh University Press.

Used forFatimid Caliphate

Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press.

Used forAlmoravids and AlmohadsIdrisids and FezTwo places of learning

Horton, Mark & Middleton, John (2000). The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society. Oxford: Blackwell.

Used forSwahili city-states

Wynne-Jones, Stephanie & LaViolette, Adria (eds.) (2018). The Swahili World. London: Routledge.

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Huffman, Thomas N. (2005). Mapungubwe: Ancient African Civilisation on the Limpopo. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.

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Drewal, Henry John & Schildkrout, Enid (2009). Dynasty and Divinity: Ife Art in Ancient Nigeria. New York: Museum for African Art.

Used forIfe

Brielle, Esther S. et al. (2023). Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast. Nature 615, 866–873.

Used forSwahili city-states

Huffman, Thomas N. (2009). Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: the origin and spread of social complexity in southern Africa. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28 (1), 37–54.

Used forMapungubweGreat Zimbabwe

Blier, Suzanne Preston (2015). Art and Risk in Ancient Yoruba: Ife History, Power, and Identity, c. 1300. Cambridge University Press.

Used forIfe

Niane, Djibril Tamsir (1965). Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali, trans. G. D. Pickett. London: Longman.

Used forMali EmpireTwo founding pacts

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (2009). Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga. Paris: UNESCO.

Used forMali EmpireTwo founding pacts

Jeppie, Shamil & Diagne, Souleymane Bachir (eds.) (2008). The Meanings of Timbuktu. Cape Town: HSRC Press.

Used forTimbuktu

Hunwick, John O. (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʿdi’s Taʾrikh al-sudan down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: Brill.

Used forSonghai EmpireTimbuktu

Garlake, Peter S. (1973). Great Zimbabwe. London: Thames & Hudson.

Used forGreat Zimbabwe

Pikirayi, Innocent (2001). The Zimbabwe Culture: Origins and Decline of Southern Zambezian States. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press.

Used forGreat ZimbabweMutapa

Taddesse Tamrat (1972). Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270–1527. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Used forEthiopian EmpireAdal Sultanate

Cassanelli, Lee V. (1982). The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600–1900. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Used forAjuran Sultanate

Barry, Boubacar (1998). Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge University Press.

Used forJolof EmpireKaabu

Last, Murray (1967). The Sokoto Caliphate. London: Longman.

Used forSokoto CaliphateHausa city-states

Eltis, David & Richardson, David (2010). Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Used forThe transatlantic slave trade

SlaveVoyages (online). Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database. Emory University and partners.

Used forThe transatlantic slave tradeSwiss money in the slave trade

Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press.

Used forThe transatlantic slave tradeOyo EmpireDahomeySokoto Caliphate

Thornton, John K. (1983). The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641–1718. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Used forKingdom of Kongo

Heywood, Linda M. (2017). Njinga of Angola: Africa’s Warrior Queen. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Used forNdongo and Matamba

Plankensteiner, Barbara (ed.) (2007). Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. Ghent: Snoeck.

Used forKingdom of BeninBenin City, 1897

Digital Benin (2022). Digital Benin: a catalogue of objects from the Kingdom of Benin in museums worldwide. Hamburg: MARKK and partners.

Used forKingdom of BeninBenin City, 1897Benin objects in Swiss museums

Law, Robin (1977). The Oyo Empire c.1600–c.1836. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Used forOyo Empire

Law, Robin (1991). The Slave Coast of West Africa 1550–1750. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Used forDahomey

Alpern, Stanley B. (1998). Amazons of Black Sparta: The Women Warriors of Dahomey. London: Hurst.

Used forDahomey

Wilks, Ivor (1975). Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order. Cambridge University Press.

Used forAsanteYaa Asantewaa

Roberts, Mary Nooter & Roberts, Allen F. (eds.) (1996). Memory: Luba Art and the Making of History. New York: Museum for African Art; Munich: Prestel.

Used forLuba and Lunda

Vansina, Jan (1978). The Children of Woot: A History of the Kuba Peoples. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Used forKuba

Vansina, Jan (2004). Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: The Nyiginya Kingdom. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Used forGreat Lakes kingdoms

Reid, Richard (2002). Political Power in Pre-Colonial Buganda: Economy, Society and Warfare in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford: James Currey.

Used forGreat Lakes kingdoms

Spaulding, Jay (1985). The Heroic Age in Sinnār. East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State University.

Used forFunj Sultanate of Sennar

O’Fahey, R. S. (2008). The Darfur Sultanate: A History. London: Hurst.

Used forDarfur Sultanate

Campbell, Gwyn (2005). An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895. Cambridge University Press.

Used forMerina

Thornton, John K. (1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.

Used forThe transatlantic slave tradeKingdom of Kongo

Boyd, Jean & Mack, Beverly B. (eds.) (1997). The Collected Works of Nana Asma’u, Daughter of Usman ’dan Fodiyo (1793–1864). East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.

Used forSokoto Caliphate

Laband, John (1995). Rope of Sand: The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Kingdom in the Nineteenth Century. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball.

Used forZulu Kingdom

Thompson, Leonard (1975). Survival in Two Worlds: Moshoeshoe of Lesotho, 1786–1870. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Used forBasotho kingdom

Bonner, Philip (1983). Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires: The Evolution and Dissolution of the Nineteenth-Century Swazi State. Cambridge University Press.

Used forSwazi kingdom

Ranger, Terence (1967). Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, 1896–97. London: Heinemann.

Used forNdebele kingdom

Robinson, David (1985). The Holy War of Umar Tal: The Western Sudan in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Used forToucouleur Empire

Person, Yves (1968–1975). Samori: une révolution dyula, 3 vols. Dakar: IFAN.

Used forWassoulou Empire

Cobbing, Julian (1988). The Mfecane as alibi: thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo. Journal of African History 29 (3), 487–519.

Used forZulu KingdomBasotho kingdom

Hamilton, Carolyn (1998). Terrific Majesty: The Powers of Shaka Zulu and the Limits of Historical Invention. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Used forZulu Kingdom

Förster, Stig, Mommsen, Wolfgang J. & Robinson, Ronald (eds.) (1988). Bismarck, Europe, and Africa: The Berlin Africa Conference 1884–1885 and the Onset of Partition. Oxford University Press.

Used forBerlin Conference

Jonas, Raymond (2011). The Battle of Adwa: African Victory in the Age of Empire. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Used forAdwaAlfred Ilg and Menelik II

Hicks, Dan (2020). The Brutish Museums: The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution. London: Pluto Press.

Used forBenin City, 1897Benin objects in Swiss museums

Boahen, A. Adu (2003). Yaa Asantewaa and the Asante–British War of 1900–1. Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers; Oxford: James Currey.

Used forYaa Asantewaa

Hochschild, Adam (1998). King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Used forCongo Free State

Zimmerer, Jürgen & Zeller, Joachim (eds.) (2008). Genocide in German South West Africa: The Colonial War of 1904–1908 and its Aftermath. Monmouth: Merlin Press.

Used forHerero and Nama

Giblin, James & Monson, Jamie (eds.) (2010). Maji Maji: Lifting the Fog of War. Leiden: Brill.

Used forMaji Maji

Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge University Press.

Used forMaji Maji

Adi, Hakim (2018). Pan-Africanism: A History. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

Used forPan-African congresses

Vanthemsche, Guy (2012). Belgium and the Congo, 1885–1980. Cambridge University Press.

Used forCongo Free State

Sbacchi, Alberto (1985). Ethiopia under Mussolini: Fascism and the Colonial Experience. London: Zed Books.

Used forEthiopia under occupationHaile Selassie in Geneva

Stora, Benjamin (2001). Algeria, 1830–2000: A Short History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Used forAlgeriaThe Évian talks

Chabal, Patrick et al. (2002). A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa. London: Hurst.

Used forWars against Portuguese rule

Mandela, Nelson (1994). Long Walk to Freedom. Boston: Little, Brown.

Used forSouth Africa

African Union (online). Member States. Addis Ababa: African Union Commission.

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AfCFTA Secretariat (online). African Continental Free Trade Area. Accra: AfCFTA Secretariat.

Used forAfrican Continental Free Trade Area

Connelly, Matthew (2002). A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria’s Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post–Cold War Era. Oxford University Press.

Used forAlgeriaThe Évian talks

Thompson, Leonard (2014). A History of South Africa, 4th ed. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Used forSouth AfricaSwitzerland and apartheid

Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz / Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse (online). articles on colonialism, the Landsgemeinde, the Federal Charter, the Theban Legion and Christoph Burckhardt. Bern: HLS.

Used forSwiss money in the slave tradeSwiss soldiers in colonial armiesDada and African artThe Theban LegionTwo founding pactsKgotla and Landsgemeinde

Purtschert, Patricia & Fischer-Tiné, Harald (eds.) (2015). Colonial Switzerland: Rethinking Colonialism from the Margins. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Used forThe “village” of 1896The Basel Mission

Purtschert, Patricia, Lüthi, Barbara & Falk, Francesca (eds.) (2012). Postkoloniale Schweiz: Formen und Folgen eines Kolonialismus ohne Kolonien. Bielefeld: transcript.

Used forSwiss soldiers in colonial armiesThe “village” of 1896

David, Thomas, Etemad, Bouda & Schaufelbuehl, Janick Marina (2005). Schwarze Geschäfte: Die Beteiligung von Schweizern an Sklaverei und Sklavenhandel im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert (French: La Suisse et l’esclavage des Noirs). Zürich: Limmat.

Used forSwiss money in the slave trade

Fässler, Hans (2005). Reise in Schwarz-Weiss: Schweizer Ortstermine in Sachen Sklaverei. Zürich: Rotpunktverlag.

Used forSwiss money in the slave tradeLouis Agassiz and Renty

Stettler, Niklaus, Haenger, Peter & Labhardt, Robert (2004). Baumwolle, Sklaven und Kredite: Die Basler Welthandelsfirma Christoph Burckhardt & Cie. in revolutionärer Zeit (1789–1815). Basel: Christoph Merian Verlag.

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Brengard, Marcel, Schubert, Frank & Zürcher, Lukas (2020). Die Beteiligung der Stadt Zürich sowie der Zürcherinnen und Zürcher an Sklaverei und Sklavenhandel vom 17. bis ins 19. Jahrhundert (report for the City of Zürich). Universität Zürich.

Used forSwiss money in the slave trade

Swiss National Museum (2024). colonial: Switzerland’s Global Entanglements (exhibition, Zürich 2024–25). Zürich: Landesmuseum.

Used forSwiss money in the slave tradeThe Basel MissionSwiss soldiers in colonial armies

Swiss Finance Museum (online). The Transatlantic Slave Trade, part 2: the South Sea Company. Zürich: SIX.

Used forSwiss money in the slave trade

Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (2024). Burckhardt, Christoph. Bern: HLS.

Used forSwiss money in the slave trade

Suckale-Redlefsen, Gude (1987). Mauritius: Der heilige Mohr / The Black Saint Maurice. Munich: Schnell & Steiner.

Used forThe Theban Legion

Bindman, David & Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (eds.) (2010). The Image of the Black in Western Art, vol. II, part 1 (Jean Devisse): From the Demonic Threat to the Incarnation of Sainthood. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

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Sablonier, Roger (2008). Gründungszeit ohne Eidgenossen: Politik und Gesellschaft in der Innerschweiz um 1300. Baden: hier + jetzt.

Used forTwo founding pacts

Burckhardt, John Lewis [Johann Ludwig] (1819). Travels in Nubia. London: John Murray.

Used forJohann Ludwig Burckhardt

Haenger, Peter (1997). Sklaverei und Sklavenemanzipation an der Goldküste. Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhahn.

Used forThe Basel Mission

Franc, Andrea (2008). Wie die Schweiz zur Schokolade kam: Der Kakaohandel der Basler Handelsgesellschaft mit der Kolonie Goldküste (1893–1960). Basel: Schwabe.

Used forThe Basel Mission

Miller, Jon (2003). Missionary Zeal and Institutional Control: Organizational Contradictions in the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast, 1828–1917. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

Used forThe Basel Mission

mission 21 (online). Basel Mission Archives. Basel: mission 21.

Used forThe Basel Mission

Debrunner, Hans Werner (1991). Schweizer im kolonialen Afrika. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien.

Used forSwiss soldiers in colonial armiesThe Basel Mission

Rossinelli, Fabio (2022). Géographie et impérialisme: de la Suisse au Congo entre exploration géographique et conquête coloniale. Neuchâtel: Alphil.

Used forSwiss soldiers in colonial armies

Wallis, Brian (1995). Black Bodies, White Science: Louis Agassiz’s Slave Daguerreotypes. American Art 9 (2), 38–61.

Used forLouis Agassiz and Renty

Barbash, Ilisa, Rogers, Molly & Willis, Deborah (eds.) (2020). To Make Their Own Way in the World: The Enduring Legacy of the Zealy Daguerreotypes. New York: Aperture; Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press.

Used forLouis Agassiz and Renty

Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University (1850). Daguerreotype, Renty, frontal (J. T. Zealy), label “Renty, Congo, on plantation of B. F. Taylor, Columbia, S.C.”. Cambridge, MA.

Used forLouis Agassiz and Renty

Lützelschwab, Claude (2006). La Compagnie genevoise des Colonies suisses de Sétif (1853–1956): un cas de colonisation privée en Algérie. Bern: Peter Lang.

Used forA Geneva company in Algeria

Université de Genève, Campus (online). Le rêve genevois d’une colonie algérienne. Geneva: UNIGE.

Used forA Geneva company in Algeria

Dunant, Henry (1862). Un souvenir de Solférino. Geneva: Jules-Guillaume Fick.

Used forA Geneva company in Algeria

Harries, Patrick (2007). Butterflies & Barbarians: Swiss Missionaries and Systems of Knowledge in South-East Africa. Oxford: James Currey.

Used forThe Mission romande in southern Africa

Junod, Henri-Alexandre (1912–1913). The Life of a South African Tribe, 2 vols. Neuchâtel: Imprimerie Attinger Frères.

Used forThe Mission romande in southern Africa

Biasio, Elisabeth (2004). Prunk und Macht am Hofe Menileks: Alfred Ilgs äthiopische Sammlung im Völkerkundemuseum der Universität Zürich. Zürich: Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung.

Used forAlfred Ilg and Menelik II

Minder, Patrick (2011). La Suisse coloniale: les représentations de l’Afrique et des Africains en Suisse au temps des colonies (1880–1939). Bern: Peter Lang.

Used forThe “village” of 1896

Brändle, Rea (2013). Wildfremd, hautnah: Zürcher Völkerschauen und ihre Schauplätze 1835–1964. Zürich: Rotpunktverlag.

Used forThe “village” of 1896

Université de Genève, Campus (online). Quand Genève accueillait des zoos humains. Geneva: UNIGE.

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Burmeister, Ralf, Oberhofer, Michaela & Tisa Francini, Esther (eds.) (2016). Dada Africa: Dialogue with the Other (Museum Rietberg, Zürich / Berlinische Galerie). Zürich: Scheidegger & Spiess.

Used forDada and African art

United Nations Archives Geneva (online). League of Nations archives (Assembly records, 1936). Geneva: United Nations Office at Geneva.

Used forHaile Selassie in Geneva

Kreis, Georg (2005). Die Schweiz und Südafrika 1948–1994: Schlussbericht des NFP 42+. Bern: Haupt.

Used forSwitzerland and apartheid

Bott, Sandra (2013). La Suisse et l’Afrique du Sud, 1945–1990: marché de l’or, finance et commerce durant l’apartheid. Zürich: Chronos.

Used forSwitzerland and apartheid

Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland (Dodis) (online). Documents on Swiss foreign relations. Bern: Dodis.

Used forThe Évian talksSwitzerland and apartheid

Long, Olivier (1988). Le dossier secret des Accords d’Évian: une mission suisse pour la paix en Algérie. Lausanne: Éditions 24 Heures.

Used forThe Évian talks

Mission archéologique suisse-franco-soudanaise (online). Kerma – Doukki Gel. Geneva.

Used forSwiss archaeology at Kerma

The Nobel Prize (online). Kofi Annan, Biographical. Stockholm: Nobel Prize Outreach.

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Kofi Annan Foundation (online). About Kofi Annan. Geneva: Kofi Annan Foundation.

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Ville de Neuchâtel (2018). Un espace à la mémoire de Tilo Frey (press release). Neuchâtel.

Used forTilo FreyLouis Agassiz and Renty

Le Temps (2019). A Neuchâtel, Tilo Frey remplace Louis Agassiz. Geneva: Le Temps, 6 June 2019.

Used forTilo Frey

Schapera, Isaac (1938). A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom. London: Oxford University Press.

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Woods, David (1994). The origin of the legend of Maurice and the Theban Legion. Journal of Ecclesiastical History 45 (3), 385–395.

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Koller, Christian (2013). Die Fremdenlegion: Kolonialismus, Söldnertum, Gewalt 1831–1962. Paderborn: Schöningh.

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The Unicode Consortium (online). Script charts: Egyptian Hieroglyphs, Meroitic, Tifinagh, Ethiopic, Vai, Bamum, Osmanya, N’Ko, Adlam. Mountain View: Unicode.

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Rilly, Claude (2010). Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique. Leuven: Peeters.

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Macgregor, J. K. (1909). Some notes on Nsibidi. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 39, 209–219.

Mafundikwa, Saki (2004). Afrikan Alphabets: The Story of Writing in Afrika. New York: Mark Batty.

Kreamer, Christine Mullen, Roberts, Mary Nooter, Harney, Elizabeth & Purpura, Allyson (2007). Inscribing Meaning: Writing and Graphic Systems in African Art. Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Museum of African Art.

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United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2024). World Population Prospects 2024. New York: United Nations.

Ethnologue (online). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Dallas: SIL International.

Africanews (2026). Equatorial Guinea relocates capital. 5 January 2026.